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ACQUISITION STRATEGY & IT for e-GOVERNMENT

Seventy-five percent of all large-scale, custom software-intensive systems fail.
 - W. Gibbs, “Software’s Chronic Crisis,” Scientific American, pp. 86-, September 1994.
 
 
Acquisition strategy is the bridge between the idea and reality of e-Government. This is why Acquisition Strategy is part of the Capital Planning and Investment Control (CPIC) process and one of the 10 areas where the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) scores Exhibit 300s. Failure to implement and manage a successful acquisition strategy will have a domino effect: Weak acquisitions will inevitably have a negative effect on, costs, schedules, risks, and results.
 
Once upon a time, acquisition for information technology (IT) tended to be an afterthought, a hurry-up activity at the end of the fiscal year. In reality, acquisition is an ongoing activity that parallels the lifecycles for CPIC, capital planning, e-Government strategy, and information security. It should be an integral part of ongoing IT management at both the enterprise and project levels.
 
As thought-starters for your acquisition strategy, we are presenting two checklists--one for aligning acquisitions with CPIC, and the other for developing contract bid packages. Before diving into the checklists, however, let us  first review how acquisition fits into federal enterprise architecture, project management, and capital investment requirements for IT.
 
Acquisition and Enterprise Architecture
 
Sound acquisition management is a key ingredient to successful enterprise architecture, according to the General Accountability Office (GAO). It identified a set of essential and complementary management disciplines that encompassed:
  • IT investment management
  • Software/system development and acquisition management
  • IT services acquisition management
  • IT human capital management
  • Information security management
  • Enterprise architecture management.
Acquisition therefore is key element that should be tightly integrated with an agency's enterprise architecture and e-Government strategy. The GAO report is titled INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: A Framework for Assessing and Improving Enterprise Architecture Management, GAO Report GAO-03-584G, which is available at
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03584g.pdf.

Acquisition and the System Development Life Cycle
 
Variations in the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology will have an impact on your Acquisition Strategy. In addition to the  original "waterfall" model for SDLC, there are often good reasons to apply some of the newer development strategies--such as Rapid Application Development (RAD), Joint Application Development (JAD), Spiral lifecycle development, and verious hybrids. The Spiral approach, for example, assumes multiple iterations of development and enhancement with corresponding repetitions of procurement actions. Computerworld offers a quick review of SDLC methods.
 
Acquisition and Project Management
 
The Project Management Institute recognizes the criticality of acquisition, and "Project Procurement Management" is one of nine knowledge areas in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). Certified project managers therefore should already have a general awareness of the importance of acquisition. A useful resource is PMI's book titled Project Management: Contracting, Subcontracting, and Teaming (ISBN: 0974391204). It is by Quentin Fleming, who is best known for his work in earned value management but who also brings a very broad understanding of government acquisition and project management.
 
Acquisition and CPIC
 
A federal acquisition strategy should implement all of the core concepts of OMB Circular A-11 and especially Section 300 which delineates requirements for the Exhibit 300. Acquisition is an ongoing process that is managed to achieve high-quality performance throughout the entire CPIC process of Pre-Select, Select, Control, Evaluate, and Steady State.  According to OMB:  
 
Performance-based acquisition management means a documented, systematic process for program management, which includes integration of program scope, schedule and cost objectives, establishment of a baseline plan for accomplishment of program objectives, and use of earned value techniques for performance measurement during execution of the program.


Acquisition strategy and execution will inevitably be a huge driving force in determining the  effectiveness and cost efficiency of IT for e-Government.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TIP FOR
CONTRACTORS
 
Knowing federal requirements for Acquisition Strategy can help you be more competitive in your proposals, plans, and contract performance. Acquisition is supposed to be a win-win process for both agencies and strong performers.
CHECKLIST FOR ALIGNMENT OF ACQUISITION STRATEGY IN THE EXHIBIT 300
 
Our first checklist is geared to developing an acquisition strategy that supports your OMB Exhibit 300 business cases for funding federal IT projects. Its broad scope also makes it useful for reviewing your general approach to acquisitions for e-Government and Enterprise Architecture.  
  • The Acquisition Strategy should make maximum use of interagency agreements, collaboration, and public-private partnerships to leverage investments, improve results, and reduce costs to taxpayers.
  • Acquisitions using the share-in-savings authority in section 210 of the E-Government Act of 2002 must be funded from the funds that would have been appropriated for operations and maintenance of the legacy system the new system is replacing. (See Circular A-11, Section 300.6)
  • Each contract should support the IT investment goals stated in the Exhibit 300, and contract performance metrics should be tied to the CPIC measures of results. 
  • The Acquisition Strategy should clearly define how each contract will support the agency's Enterprise Architecture and e-Government strategy.
  • Each contract must assure that there will be full compliance with federal and agency requirements for information security and privacy.
  • The Acquisition Strategy should define how qualified program/project managers will monitor and control contract execution, taking prompt corrective action whenever significant problems arise.
  • The Acquisition Strategy must address project risks, identifying how the contract(s) will be structured to avoid or mitigate cost, performance, technical, and other risks.
  • The scope of work of each contract must be clearly defined segments of the government's overall IT capital investment plan.
  • Each contract must be aligned with the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), schedule, and milestones of the Funding Plan presented in the OMB Exhibit 300.
  • Acquisitions supporting Development, Modernization, and Enhancement (DME) investments should align the contractor's EVMS reporting with the Exhibit 300's Funding Plan, which includes milestones, schedules, and performance targets.
  • Acquisitions supporting Steady State investments should build in metrics required for Operational Analysis, as outlined by the OMB Capital Programming Guide.
  • Acquisitions should support paperwork elimination and electronic government whenever practical and cost effective.
 
CHECKLIST FOR PREPARING SPECIFIC BID PACKAGES 
 
The second checklist is targeted to acquisition strategies for specific work statements and requests for proposals (RFPs). Of course, there is much more to good acquisition packages, and we encourage you to work cooperatively with your agency procurement executive and contracting officers. 
  • Each contract phase or option period must provide a useful segment of deliverables and/or services.
  • Prepare for acquisitions early--they almost always take more time than you would wish. Lay out a step-by-step schedule for developing the acquisition package, competing the requirement, and negotiating the award.
  • Involve your Integrated Project Team (IPT).
  • Conduct market research and solicit industry comments before an investment's scope of work is cast in stone.
  • Search http://www.fedbizopps.gov/, the government's Request for Proposal and awards site, to identify similar acquisitions; and check with government representatives to find out how well the contract structure is working (and what they would do differently).
  • Determine the best means for assuring competition--such as a major upfront competition and/or use of multiple Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) awards to assure ongoing competition for tasks.
  • Provide flexibility that encourages prospective contractors to propose alternative results that achieve performance goals and results by methods that are better, faster, cheaper, or less risky.
  • Follow the principles of Performance Based Service Acquisition, as defined in Federal Acquisition Regulation 37.600.
  • Use firm-fixed price performance-based contracts wherever feasible.
  • Use Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS), government-owned, or Open Source software where ever practical and cost effective.
  • Require Section 508 compliance in contract provisions.
  • Mitigate risks if a Time and Material (T&M) must be used--such as clearly defined tasks and performance goals, regular performance reviews, segmented periods of performance, and good documentation that is usable by an alternative contractor.
  • Consider cost-savings agreements (awarding the contractor a share of bringing in the project under budgeted cost).
  • Provide negative incentives (penalties) for contractors who perform poorly.
ACQUISITION LINKS
 
 
Image and link for acquisition lifecycle
Acquisition Lifecycle image from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Acquisition Manual. Click on image for larger view and link to PTO document. The lifecycle phases are:
 
  • Mission and Business Plan
  • Budget
  • Acquisition Plan
  • Procurement
  • Manage and Measure

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301-942-7985

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The P2C2 Group, Inc.
4101 Denfeld Avenue | Kensington, MD 20895
Point of Contact: Jim Kendrick, President
e-mail: kendrick@p2c2group.com
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